History of Microprocessors
CONTENTS
Introduction
⮚ 4-Bit Microprocessors
⮚ 8-Bit Microprocessors
⮚ 16-Bit Microprocessors
⮚ 32-Bit Microprocessors
⮚ 64-Bit Microprocessors
INTRODUCTION:
- Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first IC in 1959.
- In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
- They founded their own company Intel (Integrated Electronics).
- Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 to industrial giant by 1981.
- It had 20,000 employees and $188 million revenue.
4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS INTEL 4004
Introduced in 1971.
- It was the first microprocessor by Intel.
- It was a 4-bit µP.
- Its clock speed was 740KHz.
- It had 2,300 transistors.
- It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second
INTEL 4040
- Introduced in 1974.
- It was also 4-bit μP.
8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL 8008
- Introduced in 1972.
- It was first 8-bit μP.
- Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
- Could execute 50,000 instructions per second.
INTEL 8080
- Introduced in 1974.
- It was also 8-bit μP.
- Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
- It had 6,000 transistors.
- Was 10 times faster than 8008.
- Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.
INTEL 8085
- Introduced in 1976.
- It was also 8-bit μP.
- Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
- Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
- It had 6,500 transistors.
- Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
- It could access 64 KB of memory.
- It had 246 instructions.
- Over 100 million copies were sold.
16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL 8086
- Introduced in 1978.
- It was first 16-bit μP.
- Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz, depending on the version.
- Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
- It had 29,000 transistors.
- Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
- It could access 1 MB of memory.
- It had 22,000 instructions.
- It had Multiply and Divide instructions.
INTEL 8088
- Introduced in 1979.
- It was also 16-bit μP.
- It was created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086.
- It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus.
- Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
- This chip became the most popular in the computer industry when IBM used it for its first PC.
INTEL 80186 & 80188
- Introduced in 1982.
- They were 16-bit μPs.
- Clock speed was 6 MHz.
- 80188 was a cheaper version of 80186 with an 8- bit external data bus.
- They had additional components like: Interrupt Controller, Clock Generator, Local Bus Controller, Counters
INTEL 80286
- Introduced in 1982.
- It was 16-bit μP.
- Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
- Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 24-bit.
- It could address 16 MB of memory.
- It had 1,34,000 transistors.
- It could execute 4 million instructions per second.
32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL 80386
- Introduced in 1986.
- It was first 32-bit μP.
- Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
- It could address 4 GB of memory.
- It had 2,75,000 transistors.
- Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 33 MHz depending upon the various versions.
- Different versions: 80386 DX, 80386 SX, 80386 SL
- Intel 80386 became the best selling microprocessor in history.
INTEL 80486
- Introduced in 1989.
- It was also 32-bit μP.
- It had 1.2 million transistors.
- Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the various versions.
- It had five different versions: 80486 DX, 80486 SX, 80486 DX2, 80486 SL, 80486 DX4,
- 8 KB of cache memory was introduced.
INTEL PENTIUM
- Introduced in 1993.
- It was also 32-bit μP.
- It was originally named 80586.
- Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
- Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
- It could address 4 GB of memory.
- Could execute 110 million instructions per second.
- Cache memory: 8 KB for instructions, 8 KB for data.
INTEL PENTIUM PRO
- Introduced in 1995.
- It was also 32-bit μP.
- It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
- It had 21 million transistors.
- It was primarily used in server systems.
- Cache memory: 8 KB for instructions, 8 KB for data.
- It had L2 cache of 256 KB.
INTEL PENTIUM II
- Introduced in 1997.
- It was also 32-bit μP.
- Its clock speed was 233 MHz to 500 MHz.
- Could execute 333 million instructions per second.
- MMX technology was supported.
- L2 cache & processor were on one circuit.
INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
- Introduced in 1998.
- It was also 32-bit μP.
- It was designed for servers.
- Its clock speed was 400 MHz to 450 MHz.
- L1 cache of 32 KB & L2 cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2 MB.
- It could work with 4 Xeons in same system.
INTEL PENTIUM III
- Introduced in 1999.
- It was also 32-bit μP.
- Its clock speed varied from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz.
- It had 9.5 million transistors.
INTEL PENTIUM IV
- Introduced in 2000.
- It was also 32-bit μP.
- Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz.
- L1 cache was of 32 KB & L2 cache of 256 KB.
- It had 42 million transistors.
- All internal connections were made from aluminium to copper.
INTEL DUAL CORE
- Introduced in 2006.
- It is 32-bit or 64-bit μP.
- It has two cores.
- Both the cores have there own internal bus and L1 cache, but share the external bus and L2 cache.
- It supported SMT technology.
- SMT: Simultaneously Multi- Threading
- E.g.: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT.
64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL CORE 2
- Introduced in 2006.
- It is a 64-bit μP.
- Its clock speed is from 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz.
- It has 291 million transistors.
- It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core and 4 MB of L2 cache.
- It is launched in three different versions: Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Core 2 Extreme
INTEL CORE I7
- Introduced in 2008.
- It is a 64-bit μP.
- It has 4 physical cores.
- Its clock speed is from 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
- It has 781 million transistors.
- It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.
INTEL CORE I5
- Introduced in 2009.
- It is a 64-bit μP.
- It has 4 physical cores.
- Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz.
- It has 781 million transistors.
- It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.
INTEL CORE I3
- Introduced in 2010.
- It is a 64-bit μP.
- It has 2 physical cores.
- Its clock speed is from 2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz.
- It has 781 million transistors.
- It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 512 KB of L2 cache and 4 MB of L3 cache.
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