History of Microprocessors

History of Microprocessors

CONTENTS

Introduction 

⮚ 4-Bit Microprocessors 

⮚ 8-Bit Microprocessors 

⮚ 16-Bit Microprocessors 

⮚ 32-Bit Microprocessors 

⮚ 64-Bit Microprocessors

INTRODUCTION:

  • Fairchild Semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first IC in 1959.
  • In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew  Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
  • They founded their own company Intel (Integrated  Electronics). 
  • Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 to industrial  giant by 1981. 
  • It had 20,000 employees and $188 million revenue.

4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS INTEL 4004

Introduced in 1971. 

  • It was the first microprocessor by Intel. 
  • It was a 4-bit µP. 
  • Its clock speed was 740KHz. 
  • It had 2,300 transistors. 
  • It could execute around 60,000 instructions per second

INTEL 4040

  • Introduced in 1974. 
  • It was also 4-bit μP.

8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

INTEL 8008

  • Introduced in 1972. 
  • It was first 8-bit μP. 
  • Its clock speed was 500 KHz. 
  • Could execute 50,000 instructions per second.

INTEL 8080

  • Introduced in 1974. 
  • It was also 8-bit μP. 
  • Its clock speed was 2 MHz. 
  • It had 6,000 transistors. 
  • Was 10 times faster than 8008. 
  • Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.

INTEL 8085

  • Introduced in 1976. 
  • It was also 8-bit μP. 
  • Its clock speed was 3 MHz. 
  • Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit. 
  • It had 6,500 transistors. 
  • Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second. 
  • It could access 64 KB of memory. 
  • It had 246 instructions. 
  • Over 100 million copies were sold.

16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

INTEL 8086

  • Introduced in 1978. 
  • It was first 16-bit μP. 
  • Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz, depending on the version.
  • Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit. 
  • It had 29,000 transistors. 
  • Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second. 
  • It could access 1 MB of memory. 
  • It had 22,000 instructions. 
  • It had Multiply and Divide instructions.

INTEL 8088

  • Introduced in 1979. 
  • It was also 16-bit μP. 
  • It was created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086. 
  • It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus. 
  • Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second. 
  • This chip became the most popular in the computer industry when IBM used it for its first PC.

INTEL 80186 & 80188

  • Introduced in 1982. 
  • They were 16-bit μPs. 
  • Clock speed was 6 MHz. 
  • 80188 was a cheaper version of 80186 with an 8- bit external data bus. 
  • They had additional components like: Interrupt Controller, Clock Generator, Local Bus Controller, Counters

INTEL 80286

  • Introduced in 1982. 
  • It was 16-bit μP. 
  • Its clock speed was 8 MHz. 
  • Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 24-bit. 
  • It could address 16 MB of memory. 
  • It had 1,34,000 transistors. 
  • It could execute 4 million instructions per second.

32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

INTEL 80386

  • Introduced in 1986. 
  • It was first 32-bit μP. 
  • Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit. 
  • It could address 4 GB of memory. 
  • It had 2,75,000 transistors. 
  • Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 33 MHz depending upon the various versions. 
  • Different versions: 80386 DX, 80386 SX, 80386 SL 
  • Intel 80386 became the best selling microprocessor in history.

INTEL 80486

  • Introduced in 1989. 
  • It was also 32-bit μP. 
  • It had 1.2 million transistors. 
  • Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the various versions. 
  • It had five different versions: 80486 DX, 80486 SX, 80486 DX2, 80486 SL, 80486 DX4, 
  • 8 KB of cache memory was introduced.

INTEL PENTIUM

  • Introduced in 1993. 
  • It was also 32-bit μP. 
  • It was originally named 80586. 
  • Its clock speed was 66 MHz. 
  • Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit. 
  • It could address 4 GB of memory. 
  • Could execute 110 million instructions per second. 
  • Cache memory: 8 KB for instructions, 8 KB for data.

INTEL PENTIUM PRO

  • Introduced in 1995. 
  • It was also 32-bit μP. 
  • It had L2 cache of 256 KB. 
  • It had 21 million transistors. 
  • It was primarily used in server systems.
  • Cache memory: 8 KB for instructions, 8 KB for data.
  • It had L2 cache of 256 KB.

INTEL PENTIUM II

  • Introduced in 1997. 
  • It was also 32-bit μP. 
  • Its clock speed was 233 MHz to 500 MHz. 
  • Could execute 333 million instructions per second. 
  • MMX technology was supported. 
  • L2 cache & processor were on one circuit.

INTEL PENTIUM II XEON

  • Introduced in 1998. 
  • It was also 32-bit μP. 
  • It was designed for servers. 
  • Its clock speed was 400 MHz to 450 MHz. 
  • L1 cache of 32 KB & L2 cache of 512 KB, 1MB or 2 MB. 
  • It could work with 4 Xeons in same system.

INTEL PENTIUM III

  • Introduced in 1999. 
  • It was also 32-bit μP. 
  • Its clock speed varied from 500 MHz to 1.4 GHz. 
  • It had 9.5 million transistors.

INTEL PENTIUM IV

  • Introduced in 2000. 
  • It was also 32-bit μP. 
  • Its clock speed was from 1.3 GHz to 3.8 GHz. 
  • L1 cache was of 32 KB & L2 cache of 256 KB. 
  • It had 42 million transistors. 
  • All internal connections were made from aluminium to copper.

INTEL DUAL CORE

  • Introduced in 2006. 
  • It is 32-bit or 64-bit μP. 
  • It has two cores. 
  • Both the cores have there own internal bus and L1 cache, but share the external bus and L2 cache.
  • It supported SMT technology. 
  • SMT: Simultaneously Multi- Threading 
  • E.g.: Adobe Photoshop supported SMT.

64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

INTEL CORE 2

  • Introduced in 2006. 
  • It is a 64-bit μP. 
  • Its clock speed is from 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz. 
  • It has 291 million transistors. 
  • It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core and 4 MB of L2 cache. 
  • It is launched in three different versions: Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad, Intel Core 2 Extreme

INTEL CORE I7

  • Introduced in 2008. 
  • It is a 64-bit μP. 
  • It has 4 physical cores. 
  • Its clock speed is from 2.66 GHz to 3.33 GHz. 
  • It has 781 million transistors. 
  • It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.

INTEL CORE I5

  • Introduced in 2009. 
  • It is a 64-bit μP. 
  • It has 4 physical cores. 
  • Its clock speed is from 2.40 GHz to 3.60 GHz. 
  • It has 781 million transistors. 
  • It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 256 KB of L2 cache and 8 MB of L3 cache.

INTEL CORE I3

  • Introduced in 2010. 
  • It is a 64-bit μP. 
  • It has 2 physical cores. 
  • Its clock speed is from 2.93 GHz to 3.33 GHz. 
  • It has 781 million transistors. 
  • It has 64 KB of L1 cache per core, 512 KB of L2 cache and 4 MB of L3 cache.